Abuso sexual en los Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes (NNA): factores de riesgo psicosocial. Una revisión sistemática

Abstract

This study addresses the psychosocial factors that contribute to sexual abuse during childhood and adolescence, a problem that significantly affects the development and well-being of children and adolescents. Objective: Identify psychosocial risk factors associated with sexual abuse in children and adolescents through a systematic review of scientific literature. Method: A systematic review was conducted following the guidelines established by the PRISMA protocol. An exhaustive search was performed in various academic databases using specific terms related to child abuse, combined with Boolean operators to optimize the precision of the results. From an initial total of 107 identified records, 15 duplicates were removed. Subsequently, a rigorous selection process was carried out by evaluating titles and abstracts, excluding 65 studies that did not meet the established inclusion criteria, such as non-systematic reviews or studies lacking relevant data. As a result, 27 studies were selected for full analysis, of which 14 were finally included in the definitive systematic review. Conclusions: Variables such as poverty, social isolation, dysfunctional family structures, and associated emotional factors significantly influence the occurrence and detection of sexual abuse. Vulnerability is further increased in groups with lower social protection and in contexts of intrafamilial violence. The complexity of psychosocial warning signs requires comprehensive evaluation for early identification. Therefore, addressing sexual abuse in children and adolescents must consider individual, social, and family factors to improve detection and reduce its long-term impact.