Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en cárceles en el Ecuador: entre factores condicionantes y vulnerabilidad.

Abstract

The penitentiary system of Ecuador underwent a comprehensive transformation in the 2013-2020 period. As a result of this process, the implementation of the Public Policy was evaluated, it was invested in the renovation and improvement of the physical infrastructure and a New Penitentiary Management Model was created. This last instrument is effective in 2015 and is currently in its first update. This model seeks to see the person deprived of liberty, beyond their conflict with the Law, as a subject that breaks family continuity and conventional life cycles, included in the educational, work and health environments. The new approach prioritizes that persons deprived of liberty retain their rights, guaranteed in the Constitution of Ecuador, which are exercised with limitations inherent to the deprivation of liberty, highlighting a human gaze and not as invisible criminals. It is regrettable that, in the current context and with a new management model in force, the informal practices of the system exercised from internal dynamics, aggravated by overcrowding and prison overcrowding, produce negotiated exchanges with persons deprived of liberty, for the management of Security and internal control. This is produced and reproduced through informal practices by mutual agreement, which affect the areas of psychoactive substance use, food, leisure and well-being in general. Regarding consumption, there is a very high and sustained rate over time for people deprived of liberty, which is why the treatments become inefficient, while the rehabilitation process quarrels with the recurrence of a direct contact space with the substances and power dynamics that support the distribution flow. This, while the business of the sale of substances is established and legitimized in the current prison model, being omitted by the operators of the system, by virtue of a tacit truce based on the “normal” operation of the different centers of deprivation of freedom. Introducción El sistema penitenciario en el Ecuador ha atravesado por crisis y cambios profundos, iniciando por una gestión penitenciaria sin clasificación de los privados de la libertad, con centros en donde el hacinamiento, la corrupción y el consumo de sustancias era una práctica diaria, donde las personas internas recluidas no tenían una opción de rehabilitación e inserción social, siendo no solo privados de su libertad, sino de sus derechos básicos. Esto, se sumaba a infraestructuras donde no se garantizaba la seguridad para los Ppl’s ni para sus familias. Para el año 2007, el sistema penitenciario estaba saturado en un 200%, respecto a su capacidad, a nivel nacional (SNAI, 2016). El tratamiento penitenciario en el Ecuador experimenta un cambio mediante la implementación del Nuevo Modelo de Gestión Penitenciaria, el mismo que es aplicado desde el año 2013, y se ejecuta en los 35 Centros de rehabilitación Social (CRS) del país. Este modelo